Wannan wani kirkirarriyar fasaha ce mai wuyar sha’ani da fahimta musamman yadda da yawan masu kokarin fahimtar da mutane wannan ilimin suke kasa saka misalai da abubuwan da muke amfani da su na yau da kullum. A cikin wannan rubutu ina son in yi mana bayanin Blockchain a gwari-gwari wato dalla-dalla yadda hatta mutumin da bai je makarantar zamani ba (boko) idan ya karanta muna sa rai zai gane wannan fasahar.
Hanya mafi sauki da bayani game da blockchain shine kamar kasuwar siyar da hatsi ce wacce ake hada-hada kullum na siyar da masara, dawa, gero da dai makamantan su, amma kuma dukkan abinda aka sayar kowa yana da wata takardar da ake rubuta bayanan cinikin kowace rana.
To kowane shafi a cikin wannan takardar ana kiran shi da suna block, duk wani shafi da aka sake budewa don sake yin wani sabon rubutun cinikin da ya faru a rana ta gaba, dole sai an hada shi da lambar shafin dake bayan sa. To a nan shi wannan littafin ajiyar bayanai duk wanda yake wannan kasuwar yana da irin shi, kuma abinda ke cikin na kowa iri daya ne da na dan uwan sa. Saboda haka babu yadda za ayi wani ya canza wani abu na cinikin kowace irin rana, ba tare da an sani ba, domin idan ya taba wani bayani kowa zai gane kai tsaye domin za aga na shi littafin bai yi daidai da na sauran jama’a ba.
Kasancewar kowa na da tashi takardar, ya kasance kowa ogan kansa ne, domin kowa na kiyaye abinda ke hannunsa kuma dole na kowa ya zama ya daidai da nashi, idan yana son in ya kawo rahotonsa kowa ya karba ya kuma aminta da shi.
To mene ne Blockchain?
Dauki misalin littafin cinikayyar nan da kake da shi, kuma ka ba dukkan abokanan ka suka dauki abinda ke ciki kuma ka yada musu shi. Duk lokacin da wani ya rubuta wani cinikayyar da ta faru a wannan ranar misali “Ali ya biya Zainab N500”, to wannan layin da ka kara zai bayyana a cikin kwafin kowa dake hannunsa, kowa a wannan ranar zai san cewa ga cinikayyar da ta faru tsakanin Zainab da Ali. To idan an tashi kasuwa dole kowa ya kawo nashi littafin a duba don a tabbatar babu wani canji. To tunda dole litattafin kowa yayi daidai da na kowa, bai yiwuwa wani ya lallabo yace bari ya gobe wannan cinikayya, saboda yana tabawa kowa zai gane.
Saboda haka a ilmance, Blockchain wani database ne mallakar kowa (decentralized digital) da ake yada shi ta hanyar network din kwamfutoci, wanda ake kira da nodes kowa ne kunshi na bayanai (blocks) yana hade da bayanan shi na baya, wanda hakan ke kara mishi karfi kamar sarka wacce kowane karfe ke hade da dan uwansa domin bayar da cikakken ginshiki.
Saboda haka shi blockchain fasahar database ne mai sarka, wacce bata tsinkewa, kuma tana bukatar kowane bangare na kowane karfen sarkar ya zama yana jikin dan uwanshi inda ya kamata.
A ilimance shi wannan shafin kowane takarda da muka kira shi da block, yana da wani hatimi a jikinshi wanda dole shafi na gaba yayi daidai da wannan hatimin (fingerprint), haka kowane shafi ke dauke da hatimin baya da na gaba domin tabbatar da cewar kowane abun da ke cikin kowane shafi ba wanda ya shigo da sabon shafi ko kuma ya gobe wani abu a ciki.
To yaya blockchain ke aiki?
Cinikayyar da aka yi na kowace rana ana shigar da su a dunkule da ake kira da “block” kamar dai shafukan da aka tattar a cikin wannan littafin da ke dauke da dukkan bayanan cinikayyar da ya faru na kowace rana. To shi wannan block din yana dauke da wani karamar shaida (fingerprint) wacce a ke kira da (cryptographic hash) na shafin da ke bayan wannan dunkule, wannan hakan ku kullesu a madauri guda. Idan wani yayi kokarin ya taba tsohon block din to wannan fingerprint din ba zai dace da na gabanshi ba, saboda haka sai network din blockchain din ya ki amsar wannan bayanan, kuma ya mayar da wannan a matsayin korarren block.
Kalmomin da ake yawan amfani da su kowane lokaci
1. Decentralization – mallakar kowa
Ana kiranshi da decentralization ne saboda babu wani mutum, ko kamfani ko kuma wata hukuma da ke da ikon sarrafa wannan database ko tace ita ke da iko da shi, kowa ya mallaki na shi kwafin kowa abinda ke cikin nashi daidai yake da ciki na kowa, kuma kowa nada ikon bincikan wannan database domin sanin mai ya gudana a baya matukar yana cikin wannan block din.
Idan zamu kwatanta wannan da kasuwar hatsin mu, to wannan yana nufin kowa ya mallaki kwafin littafinsa da zai rika rubuta dukkan abinda ya gudana na cinikayya, sannan kuma abinda ya rubutu zai bayyana a cikin littafin kowa.
Saboda haka nodes (computer ko waya) din networks masu yawa yana rike da kowane cikakken wannan blockchain din.
2. Transparency – kowa na ganin na kowa
Dukkan al’amuran da suke gudana a bayyana ne suke, kowa na iya ganin na kowa. Saboda haka kowa zai iya bincikar tarihin cinikayya kowane lokaci, kamar dai takardar da mutum ya daura a google drive dinsa ya bada damar kowa ya gani ko zai iya gyara, kaga za a iya ganin sunan duk wanda ya bude wannan takardar kuma yayi gyara a cikinta.
Idan muka kwatanta da kasuwar hatsinmu, kowa zai iya karbar takardar kowa ya duba ya gani a karshen kowace rana, kaga duk wanda kaba takardarka kasan dole yasan me ka rubutu, ke nan babu boye-boye.
Saboda haka dukkan cinikayyar da ya faru a wannan ranar kowa zai gani ta hanyar wannan sarkar.
3. Immutablity – rubutu din-din-din
Da zarar an yi rubutu a cikin wannan takardar to kamar anyi amfani da tawadar da take rike rubutu har abada da ba za a iya goge shi ba, ko kuma daura wani rubutun a kansa ba.
Idan muka kwatanta da kasuwar hatsinmu muddin aka dauko takardun aka kwatantasu to babu yadda za ayi a iya goge komai daga jin su.
Wannan cryptograhic hashes she ke hana cinikayyar da aka yi a baya wani ya iya taba ta.
Block – cikakkiyar cinikin rana
Cinikayyar da aka yi a rana da aka rubuta lokaci guda, hade da rana da lokacin da aka yi wannan cinikin (timestamp) da hatimin cinikayyar (hash) na takardar cikikayyar baya, wanda ke kulla alaka ko hada wannan sarkar.
Misalin alkamar da aka siyar a wannan ranar a kuma wannan kasuwar an shigar da shi, to wannan bayanan shine ake nufi da block
Chain – Sarkar da ta kulla kowa da kowa
Shi wannan yana nufin hada-hadar da aka kulla da kuma sanayyar da kowa yayi cewar wane ya siya kaya kaza, wane yayi ciniki kaza a ranar, to wannan shine sarkar dake chain. Kuma wannan tana aiki ne ta hanyar amfani da cryptographic hashes, domin tabbatar da cewar duk wani cinikayyar ingantacciyace, kuma idan idan aka ga sabani wannan to sarkar zata tsinke.
Kamar misali ace kowane karshen sati ne kowa ya kawo takardarshi domin a duba a kuma tabbatar babu wani bakon abu a ciki.
Node – na’urar harkalla
Wannan itace na’urar dake sarrafa manhajar blockchain da take ajiyar bayanai, da bincikar lafiyarsu, da kuma yada littattafan da ake hulda da su, gaba daya shi yake lura da dukkan lamurra.
Misalin na’urar waya ko kwamfutar kasuwa da take tattara bayanan hada-hadar.
Hash – jagwalgwallen sirrin ajiye bayanai
Wannan wani jagwalgwallen sirrin rubutu ne da ake shigar da shi cikin kowane cinikayya da ya gudana kuma na daban da na wani saboda haka canza bayanai zai yi wahala.
Misalin kamar maimaikon mutum ya ce yau Ibrahim ya biya Ali N500, sai a chanza shi zuwa ni zarwancen rubutu da dole sai yan kasuwan ne zasu gane.
Ledger – tarihin cinikayya
Bayanan dukkan cinikayya da ya gabata ana adana shi ne a cikin blocks, kowace na’ura (node) na da nashi kwafi, domin tabbatar da komai ana ganin hada hadar.
Kamar misalin takardar kasuwar da kowa ke da shi wacce ta kunshi dukkan bayanan cinikayyar da ya gabata a bayane.
Concensus – amincewa tsakanin abokan cinikayya
Hanyar da ake bi kowace na’ura ta amince da kowace takardar cinikayya. Misali kamar tabbatar da cewar cinikayya ta gudana tsakanin wannan na’ura da waccan na’urar (Proof-of-Work) ko Proof-of-Stake domin tabbatar cewa ingantaccen hulda ce kawai za a amince da ita.
Kamar misalin yarjejeniya ko kuma samun tayin farashin hatsi takanin mai siya da mai sayarwa ne a gaban mutane kafin kulla ciniki.
Smart Contract – amincewa kafin kulla ciniki
Wannan wani code ne da yake aiki da kansa akan blockcain wanda ya ke tabbatar da amincewar yarjejeniyar da aka samu da zarar ya ga cewa an kulla cinikayya tsakaninsu.
Misali kamar ace ana da wani wurin ne na musamman a ke ajiyar kudi, da zarar mai sayarwa yace na sayar maka kai tsaye sai a turawa mai sayarwa kudinshi ba tare da wannan mutumin ya zaro da kudin ya bayar ba.
